Many small farms in the Corn Belt state of the Midwest also have confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These CAFOs can be a source of nitrogen to receiving small streams. The USGS Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) investigated the water quality of small streams across the Midwest during 2013.
Agriculture: A River Runs Through It
Learn more about interactions between agriculture and water quality
Learn more about interactions between agriculture and water quality
Monitoring Agricultural Runoff
Can farmers keep fertilizer on their fields and out of our rivers and lakes?
Can farmers keep fertilizer on their fields and out of our rivers and lakes?
Agriculture and the Nation's Water Quality
Informative circulars summarize USGS studies on agricultural activities, water quality, and stream ecology
Informative circulars summarize USGS studies on agricultural activities, water quality, and stream ecology
Stream Health in the Midwest
How intensive agriculture in the Corn Belt affects fish, macroinvertebrates, and algae in small streams
How intensive agriculture in the Corn Belt affects fish, macroinvertebrates, and algae in small streams
About 40 percent of the land in the United States is used for agriculture, and agriculture supplies a major part of the our food, feed, and fiber needs. Agricultural chemicals move into and through every component of the hydrologic system, including air, soil, soil water, streams, wetlands, and groundwater.
Featured: Nutrient yields in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin
Featured: Nutrient yields in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin
A new USGS study estimates total nitrogen and phosphorus yields from catchments throughout the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin, which drains about 41% of the conterminous U.S. Agricultural activities were the largest nutrient source.
Nitrogen Fertilizer on Agriculture Contributing N to Chesapeake Bay
Nitrogen Fertilizer on Agriculture Contributing N to Chesapeake Bay
A new USGS study uses the SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) model to assess how nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay might change in response to changing different sources of nitrogen inputs.
BACKGROUND
Over the last 100 years, agricultural expansion and intensification has led to changes in water quality and the health of stream ecosystems. Considerable increases in fertilizer and pesticide use began in the 1960s. In 2010, about 11 billion kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer and 300 million kilograms of pesticides were used annually to enhance crop production or control pests. Increased levels of nutrients from fertilizers draining into streams can stimulate algal blooms and affect stream health and recreational uses of local streams, downstream reservoirs, and estuaries, and increase treatment costs for drinking water. Pesticides that are transported to streams can pose risks for aquatic life and fish-eating wildlife and drinking-water supplies.
Find maps, graphs, and data for estimated agricultural use of hundreds of pesticides since 1992.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
AGRICULTURAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATER RESOURCES
Agricultural contaminants commonly studied by the USGS include:
- nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
- pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides
Agricultural contaminants can impair the quality of surface water and groundwater. Fertilizers and pesticides don't remain stationary on the landscape where they are applied; runoff and infiltration transport these contaminants into local streams, rives, and groundwater. Additionally, when land is converted to agricultural use, it is modified to be optimized for agricultural production. Oftentimes these modifications have unintended environmental impacts on receiving waters and their ecosystems, including changes in water quality and quantity. Read about the connections between agriculture and water quality.
Agriculture is the leading source of impairments in the Nation’s rivers and lakes. About a half million tons of pesticides, 12 million tons of nitrogen, and 4 million tons of phosphorus fertilizer are applied annually to crops in the continental United States.1
Pesticides are widespread in surface water and groundwater across the United States. For example, at least one pesticide was found in about 94 percent of water samples and in more than 90 percent of fish samples taken from streams across the Nation, and in nearly 60 percent of shallow wells sampled.2
Transport of excess nutrients is influenced by agricultural practices, such as methods of tillage and drainage, and the timing of application and runoff events like storms and snowmelt. Farmers may leave the soil surface undisturbed from harvest to planting (referred to as “no-till”), and may plant and maintain buffer strips around fields and streams. They may also time fertilizer and manure application to maximize uptake and avoid precipitation events. Use of drip irrigation in lieu of furrow irrigation decreases the amount of water lost to ditches or evaporation, and allows better control of the amounts of pesticides and nutrients added to irrigation water. The USGS studies the amount of nutrients transported off agricultural fields, the effects excess nutrients have on downstream receiving waters, and the effectiveness of on-farm conservations practices that try to reduce the amount of nutrient transport due to runoff. Read about the influence of nutrients on stream ecosystems in agricultural landscapes.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION (CAFOs)
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) refer to a specific type of animal feeding operation where animals are kept and raised in confined situations for the duration of their lives. Rather than roaming and feeding in a pasture, food is brought to the animals in their pens. Given the cramped conditions, everything is condensed in these facilities, including both live and dead animals, feed, and animal waste. These operations create a significant amount of animal waste which, if released, can greatly affect the environmental. Runoff from these facilities can impair downstream waterways, kill fish, produce harmful algal blooms, and potentially transmit disease. Because of issues that may arise from CAFOs, the USGS works to monitor and quantify potential impacts of these operations to the environment.
AGRICULTURE AND STREAM ECOSYSTEMS
Activities associated with intensive agriculture, such as found in the Midwestern Corn Belt region of the U.S., can change both the water quality and the physical habitat of small streams. In 2013, the USGS intensively monitored 100 small streams in this region, and evaluated the effects of stream "stressors"—including pesticides, nutrients, sedimentation, and riparian disturbance—on stream health. Learn more about the USGS Midwest Stream Quality Assessment and the health of small Midwestern streams here.
RELATED USGS RESEARCH
- Agricultural Chemicals: Where they are, where they’re going, when they create a problem
- Edge-of-field monitoring: Identifying and reducing agricultural sources of excess nutrients
- Veterinary pharmaceuticals in large-scale concentrated animal feeding operations
- Antibiotics in fish aquaculture
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Follow the links below to access web pages describing USGS research on topics related to agriculture and water quality.
Agriculture and the Quality of the Nation's Waters
Intensive studies by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project in agricultural areas provide insight into how agricultural activities have altered the natural flow of water and the way that agricultural chemicals enter streams and aquifers, and in particular how nutrients affect algal and invertebrate communities in agricultural streams.
Edge-of-field monitoring
Edge-of-field monitoring focuses on identifying and reducing agricultural sources of excess nutrients which can threaten the health of streams, rivers, and lakes. Edge-of-field monitoring assesses the quantity and quality of agricultural runoff and evaluates the effectiveness of conservation practices that aim to reduce nutrient loss.
Nutrients and Eutrophication
Like people, plants need nutrients, but too much of a good thing can be a problem. Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, occur naturally, but most of the nutrients in our waterways come from human activities and sources—fertilizers, wastewater, automobile exhaust, animal waste. The USGS investigates the source, transport, and fate of nutrients and their impacts on the world around us.
Pesticides and Water Quality
Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill pests, including insects (insecticides), weeds (herbicides), and fungi (fungicides). The USGS assesses the occurrence and behavior of pesticides in streams, lakes, and groundwater and the potential for pesticides to contaminate our drinking-water supplies or harm aquatic ecosystems.
Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA)
The goals of the Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) are to characterize multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic life (contaminants, nutrients, sediment, and streamflow alteration) and to develop a better understanding of the relation of these stressors to ecological conditions in streams throughout the region.
Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use
These tables, maps, and graphs provide estimates of U.S. agricultural pesticide use suitable for evaluating national and regional patterns and trends of annual pesticide use.
Agricultural Activities and Pesticides
Agriculture plays an important role in our economy and many kinds of chemicals are used for the production, transportation, storage, and manufacturing of food. Agricultural areas attract a variety of wildlife and our scientists provide the needed research to understand potential hazards to wildlife from these agricultural chemicals and how unintentionally exposed animals may be affected.
Agriculture - A River Runs Through It
Heather Welch, Claire Rose, and Richard Coupe, U.S. Geological Survey scientists involved in the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study of Agricultural Chemical Transport (ACT) study, outline agricultural effects on water quality in the Mississippi Delta region. Topics include research results on nutrient modeling using the SPARROW model, environmental effects of biofuel production, and...
CAFOs in Midwest a source of nitrogen
Many small farms in the Corn Belt state of the Midwest also have confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These CAFOs can be a source of nitrogen to receiving small streams. The USGS Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) investigated the water quality of small streams across the Midwest during 2013.
See what's newsworthy concerning agricultural contaminants and water quality in the Nation's lakes and rivers.
Massive changes over last 50 years in human influences that affect water quality
Some of the major human influences on water quality, in particular the ways we use land, water, and chemicals, have undergone dramatic changes over the last five decades, according to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Program. Patterns of urbanization, chemical use, and agricultural production are profoundly altered.
About 40 percent of the land in the United States is used for agriculture, and agriculture supplies a major part of the our food, feed, and fiber needs. Agricultural chemicals move into and through every component of the hydrologic system, including air, soil, soil water, streams, wetlands, and groundwater.
Featured: Nutrient yields in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin
Featured: Nutrient yields in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin
A new USGS study estimates total nitrogen and phosphorus yields from catchments throughout the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin, which drains about 41% of the conterminous U.S. Agricultural activities were the largest nutrient source.
Nitrogen Fertilizer on Agriculture Contributing N to Chesapeake Bay
Nitrogen Fertilizer on Agriculture Contributing N to Chesapeake Bay
A new USGS study uses the SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) model to assess how nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay might change in response to changing different sources of nitrogen inputs.
BACKGROUND
Over the last 100 years, agricultural expansion and intensification has led to changes in water quality and the health of stream ecosystems. Considerable increases in fertilizer and pesticide use began in the 1960s. In 2010, about 11 billion kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer and 300 million kilograms of pesticides were used annually to enhance crop production or control pests. Increased levels of nutrients from fertilizers draining into streams can stimulate algal blooms and affect stream health and recreational uses of local streams, downstream reservoirs, and estuaries, and increase treatment costs for drinking water. Pesticides that are transported to streams can pose risks for aquatic life and fish-eating wildlife and drinking-water supplies.
Find maps, graphs, and data for estimated agricultural use of hundreds of pesticides since 1992.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
AGRICULTURAL CONTAMINANTS IN WATER RESOURCES
Agricultural contaminants commonly studied by the USGS include:
- nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus
- pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides
Agricultural contaminants can impair the quality of surface water and groundwater. Fertilizers and pesticides don't remain stationary on the landscape where they are applied; runoff and infiltration transport these contaminants into local streams, rives, and groundwater. Additionally, when land is converted to agricultural use, it is modified to be optimized for agricultural production. Oftentimes these modifications have unintended environmental impacts on receiving waters and their ecosystems, including changes in water quality and quantity. Read about the connections between agriculture and water quality.
Agriculture is the leading source of impairments in the Nation’s rivers and lakes. About a half million tons of pesticides, 12 million tons of nitrogen, and 4 million tons of phosphorus fertilizer are applied annually to crops in the continental United States.1
Pesticides are widespread in surface water and groundwater across the United States. For example, at least one pesticide was found in about 94 percent of water samples and in more than 90 percent of fish samples taken from streams across the Nation, and in nearly 60 percent of shallow wells sampled.2
Transport of excess nutrients is influenced by agricultural practices, such as methods of tillage and drainage, and the timing of application and runoff events like storms and snowmelt. Farmers may leave the soil surface undisturbed from harvest to planting (referred to as “no-till”), and may plant and maintain buffer strips around fields and streams. They may also time fertilizer and manure application to maximize uptake and avoid precipitation events. Use of drip irrigation in lieu of furrow irrigation decreases the amount of water lost to ditches or evaporation, and allows better control of the amounts of pesticides and nutrients added to irrigation water. The USGS studies the amount of nutrients transported off agricultural fields, the effects excess nutrients have on downstream receiving waters, and the effectiveness of on-farm conservations practices that try to reduce the amount of nutrient transport due to runoff. Read about the influence of nutrients on stream ecosystems in agricultural landscapes.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION (CAFOs)
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) refer to a specific type of animal feeding operation where animals are kept and raised in confined situations for the duration of their lives. Rather than roaming and feeding in a pasture, food is brought to the animals in their pens. Given the cramped conditions, everything is condensed in these facilities, including both live and dead animals, feed, and animal waste. These operations create a significant amount of animal waste which, if released, can greatly affect the environmental. Runoff from these facilities can impair downstream waterways, kill fish, produce harmful algal blooms, and potentially transmit disease. Because of issues that may arise from CAFOs, the USGS works to monitor and quantify potential impacts of these operations to the environment.
AGRICULTURE AND STREAM ECOSYSTEMS
Activities associated with intensive agriculture, such as found in the Midwestern Corn Belt region of the U.S., can change both the water quality and the physical habitat of small streams. In 2013, the USGS intensively monitored 100 small streams in this region, and evaluated the effects of stream "stressors"—including pesticides, nutrients, sedimentation, and riparian disturbance—on stream health. Learn more about the USGS Midwest Stream Quality Assessment and the health of small Midwestern streams here.
RELATED USGS RESEARCH
- Agricultural Chemicals: Where they are, where they’re going, when they create a problem
- Edge-of-field monitoring: Identifying and reducing agricultural sources of excess nutrients
- Veterinary pharmaceuticals in large-scale concentrated animal feeding operations
- Antibiotics in fish aquaculture
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Follow the links below to access web pages describing USGS research on topics related to agriculture and water quality.
Agriculture and the Quality of the Nation's Waters
Intensive studies by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project in agricultural areas provide insight into how agricultural activities have altered the natural flow of water and the way that agricultural chemicals enter streams and aquifers, and in particular how nutrients affect algal and invertebrate communities in agricultural streams.
Edge-of-field monitoring
Edge-of-field monitoring focuses on identifying and reducing agricultural sources of excess nutrients which can threaten the health of streams, rivers, and lakes. Edge-of-field monitoring assesses the quantity and quality of agricultural runoff and evaluates the effectiveness of conservation practices that aim to reduce nutrient loss.
Nutrients and Eutrophication
Like people, plants need nutrients, but too much of a good thing can be a problem. Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, occur naturally, but most of the nutrients in our waterways come from human activities and sources—fertilizers, wastewater, automobile exhaust, animal waste. The USGS investigates the source, transport, and fate of nutrients and their impacts on the world around us.
Pesticides and Water Quality
Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill pests, including insects (insecticides), weeds (herbicides), and fungi (fungicides). The USGS assesses the occurrence and behavior of pesticides in streams, lakes, and groundwater and the potential for pesticides to contaminate our drinking-water supplies or harm aquatic ecosystems.
Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA)
The goals of the Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) are to characterize multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic life (contaminants, nutrients, sediment, and streamflow alteration) and to develop a better understanding of the relation of these stressors to ecological conditions in streams throughout the region.
Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use
These tables, maps, and graphs provide estimates of U.S. agricultural pesticide use suitable for evaluating national and regional patterns and trends of annual pesticide use.
Agricultural Activities and Pesticides
Agriculture plays an important role in our economy and many kinds of chemicals are used for the production, transportation, storage, and manufacturing of food. Agricultural areas attract a variety of wildlife and our scientists provide the needed research to understand potential hazards to wildlife from these agricultural chemicals and how unintentionally exposed animals may be affected.
Agriculture - A River Runs Through It
Heather Welch, Claire Rose, and Richard Coupe, U.S. Geological Survey scientists involved in the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Study of Agricultural Chemical Transport (ACT) study, outline agricultural effects on water quality in the Mississippi Delta region. Topics include research results on nutrient modeling using the SPARROW model, environmental effects of biofuel production, and...
CAFOs in Midwest a source of nitrogen
Many small farms in the Corn Belt state of the Midwest also have confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These CAFOs can be a source of nitrogen to receiving small streams. The USGS Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) investigated the water quality of small streams across the Midwest during 2013.
Many small farms in the Corn Belt state of the Midwest also have confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These CAFOs can be a source of nitrogen to receiving small streams. The USGS Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) investigated the water quality of small streams across the Midwest during 2013.
See what's newsworthy concerning agricultural contaminants and water quality in the Nation's lakes and rivers.
Massive changes over last 50 years in human influences that affect water quality
Some of the major human influences on water quality, in particular the ways we use land, water, and chemicals, have undergone dramatic changes over the last five decades, according to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Program. Patterns of urbanization, chemical use, and agricultural production are profoundly altered.